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Climate Systems

Climate systems describe how energy from the sun moves through the atmosphere, oceans, ice, and land, creating the long-term weather patterns we call climate. Unlike weather, which changes day to day, climate reflects average conditions over decades and depends on how these parts interact—for instance, oceans store and slowly release heat, while ice reflects sunlight back to space. Understanding climate systems helps explain why regions have consistent seasons and why small changes in one part, like rising ocean temperatures, can ripple through the whole system.